Concept Guide
Equities (NSE, BSE, IPO Process)
When you buy a share of a company, you become a part-owner of that business, entitled to a proportional claim on its profits and assets.
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Indian Markets
68 pages carry this tag.
Concept Guides
Concept Guide
REITs and InvITs
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) allow ordinary investors to own slices of commercial real estate or infrastructure...
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Concept Guide
Where to Find Indian Markets Data
Good analysis starts with good data. For Indian markets, the data landscape is fragmented, primary sources (exchange filings, regulatory databases, RBI, MCA) are authoritative but require navigation.
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News & Trends
Markets News
Nifty 50 Fundamentals
Fundamental snapshot of Nifty 50 constituents: market cap, P/E, P/B, ROE, debt to equity, and dividend yield, sortable by sector.
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Economy & Policy
Compliance Calendar
SEBI, NSE, and BSE regulatory circulars summarised in plain language for Indian market participants, with dates and source links.
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Glossary
Glossary
Nifty 50
India's benchmark stock index comprising 50 of the largest and most liquid companies listed on NSE, representing about 65% of free-float market cap.
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Glossary
LTCG
Profit earned from selling a stock held for more than 12 months. LTCG tax rates are generally lower than STCG, encouraging long-term investing.
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Glossary
Dividend
A portion of the company's profits distributed to shareholders. Provides regular income in addition to capital appreciation.
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Glossary
Face Value
The original value of a share as listed in the company's books. Used to calculate dividends and for stock splits.
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Glossary
Promoter
The individual or group who starts the company and raises capital. Promoters run the business. Their stake indicates their confidence in the company.
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Glossary
Top Line & Bottom Line
Top Line refers to Revenue/Sales. Bottom Line refers to Net Profit. Growth in top line shows business expansion; growth in bottom line shows efficiency.
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Glossary
Share Split
Dividing existing shares into multiple shares to increase liquidity and reduce price per share.
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Glossary
Bonus Shares
Free shares given to existing shareholders based on their current holding. Rewards shareholders without cash outflow; increases liquidity.
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Glossary
Price Discovery
Share prices are determined by supply and demand in the market. Reflects the market's collective valuation of the company.
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Glossary
Securities Market Types
Primary Market (New securities issued) and Secondary Market (Existing securities traded). Primary provides capital to companies; Secondary provides liquidity to investors.
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Glossary
DEMAT Account
An account used to hold shares and securities in electronic format. Mandatory for trading in Indian stock markets.
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Glossary
Savings Account
A bank deposit account that provides modest interest. Linked to trading account for fund transfer.
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Glossary
Trading Account
An account used to place buy and sell orders in the stock market. Links your bank account to the stock exchange.
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Glossary
DEMAT Documents
PAN Card, Aadhaar (Address Proof), Bank Proof (Cancelled Cheque), Photos. KYC compliance is mandatory.
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Glossary
Contract Note
A legal record of trades executed on a given day. Proof of transaction, includes brokerage and tax details.
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Glossary
Settlement Date
The date when ownership is transferred and funds are exchanged. Determines when you get money or shares.
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Glossary
Pre-opening Session
Session from 9:00 AM to 9:15 AM to stabilize opening price. Reduces volatility at market open.
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Glossary
AMO
Orders placed after trading hours for the next trading day. Allows busy people to plan trades anytime.
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Glossary
Gap Up
When a stock opens significantly higher than yesterday's close. Indicates strong positive sentiment/news.
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Glossary
Gap Down
When a stock opens significantly lower than yesterday's close. Indicates negative sentiment/news.
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Glossary
Announcement Date
Date when company board announces corporate actions like dividend/bonus. First public information about the benefit.
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Glossary
Record Date
The cut-off date to determine which shareholders are eligible for dividends/bonus. You must be in the company records on this date to get benefits.
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Glossary
Investor Types
Retail (Small), HNI (High Net Worth), DII (Domestic Institutions), FII (Foreign Institutions).
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Glossary
Depositories
Institutions that hold securities in electronic form (like a bank for shares). Safe-keep your shares.
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Glossary
DP
Agent of the depository (Broker) who interacts with the investor. Investors interact with DPs, not directly with NSDL/CDSL.
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Glossary
Corporate Actions
Events initiated by a company that affect its shareholders. Directly impacts share price and quantity.
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Glossary
Volume
Total number of shares traded in a specified period. High volume with price rise indicates strong trend confirmation.
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Glossary
Trading System
Electronic system where orders are matched automatically. Ensures transparency and speed.
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Glossary
Order Types
Market Order (Buy at current price), Limit Order (Buy at specific price). Control over price vs execution speed.
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Glossary
Bullish & Bearish
Bullish: Expecting prices to rise. Bearish: Expecting prices to fall. Describes market trend and sentiment.
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Glossary
Short Sell
Selling shares you don't own, hoping to buy them back lower. Allows profit in falling markets.
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Glossary
Auction
Process to settle trades when a seller fails to deliver shares (Short Delivery). Penalizes defaulters, ensures buyer gets shares.
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Glossary
Stop Loss
An order to sell automatically if price drops to a certain level to limit loss. Essential risk management tool.
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Glossary
Circuit Filter
Max allowed price movement in a day to check excessive volatility. Protects investors from massive single-day swings.
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Glossary
Trend Analysis
Studying historical price movements to predict future direction. Ideally trade with the trend.
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Glossary
Market Cap
Total value of a company's shares. Classifies companies as Large, Mid, Small Cap.
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Glossary
Ring Trading
Old physical floor trading method (now replaced by electronic). Historical context.
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Glossary
Block Deal
A single trade with value > ₹10 Crore or 5 lakh shares. Indicates institutional interest.
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Glossary
Order Quantity Types
Disclosed Quantity (show less than actual) to hide intent. Used by big players to not spook the market.
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Glossary
Bid-Ask Spread
Difference between highest buy price (Bid) and lowest sell price (Ask). Lower spread = Higher liquidity.
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Glossary
Indices
Benchmark tracking the performance of a group of stocks. Gauge overall market health.
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Glossary
Sector Indices
Indices tracking specific sectors. Track performance of specific industries.
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Glossary
Free Float Mcap
Market cap calculated using only shares available for public trading. Used for calculating Sensex/Nifty weightage.
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Glossary
Pledging
Promoters using their shares as collateral to take loans. High pledging is a risk; if price falls, lenders might sell.
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Glossary
Lot Size
Minimum number of shares you must buy (usually in F&O or SME IPOs). Defines minimum investment amount.
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Glossary
IPO vs OFS
IPO: Fresh shares issued (Money to company). OFS: Existing shareholders sell (Money to seller).
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Glossary
FPO
Already listed company issues new shares to public. Dilutes equity but raises fresh capital.
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Glossary
Merchant Banker
Financial institution managing the IPO process. Ensures compliance and marketing of IPO.
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Glossary
Price Band
The price range within which investors can bid for IPO shares. Determines the IPO valuation.
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Glossary
Book Building
Process of discovering price by inviting bids within a price band. Most modern IPOs use this method.
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Glossary
Prospectus
Detailed document describing the company, risks, and financials for IPO. Must read before investing in IPO.
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Glossary
Primary Market
Allows companies to raise capital for growth and expansion. Engine of capital formation in economy.
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Glossary
Underwriter
Institution guaranteeing to buy unsold shares in an IPO. Ensures IPO success.
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Glossary
IPO Listing
The day shares start trading on the exchange. Provides liquidity to investors.
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Glossary
Price Determination
How IPO price is finalized based on bids received. Usually set at the 'Cut-off' price where max demand exists.
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Glossary
Bonus Issue
Free additional shares given to existing shareholders in proportion to their holding, capitalising reserves. No cash changes hands and total value is unchanged.
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Glossary
Rights Issue
An offer to existing shareholders to buy new shares, usually below the market price, in proportion to their holding. It raises fresh capital for the company.
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Glossary
Buyback
A company repurchasing its own shares, through a tender offer or open-market purchases, reducing share count. In India buybacks are governed by SEBI regulations.
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Glossary
Stock Split
Dividing each share into several shares of lower face value. Count rises, price falls proportionately, and value is unchanged.
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Glossary
FPI
Overseas institutions and funds registered with SEBI to invest in Indian listed securities. Their daily buy and sell figures are published by the exchanges.
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Glossary
DII
Indian institutions such as mutual funds, insurers, and pension funds investing in domestic markets. Their flows are reported daily alongside FPI numbers.
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Related topics: Valuation, DCF, Relative Valuation, Cost of Capital, Financial Statements, Cash Flow, Earnings Quality, Red Flags