Emission factor

    ESG & Governance

    A number that converts an activity, such as fuel burned or electricity used, into greenhouse gas emissions.

    For example, an emission factor might give the tonnes of CO2 released per tonne of coal burned, or per MWh of grid electricity. In India, the Central Electricity Authority publishes grid emission factors. Choosing different factors can change reported emissions significantly, so good reports state which factors they use. Spend-based Scope 3 estimates use factors per rupee or dollar spent.

    Related terms

    CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent)Location-based method (Scope 2)Scope 3 emissions

    Learn the concept

    From the research

    Valuation

    A Comparative Financial Analysis of Three Listed Companies

    Three IT services leaders, five years of numbers: similar growth, very different margins and returns on capital, and their October 2026 valuations.

    Markets

    IPO Issue Price vs. Listing Price vs. Subsequent Performance

    Seven of India's most talked-about IPOs since 2021, tracked from issue price to listing to October 2026. Buying on listing day lost money in six of seven.

    Valuation

    Paytm: Valuing a Company With No Clean Comparable

    Paytm is part payments processor, part device business, part loan distributor. Why no single peer fits, and how to value it in parts and in reverse.