ESG (environmental, social and governance)

    ESG & Governance

    A framework for analysing environmental, social and governance issues that can affect a company's cash flows, risks and cost of capital.

    ESG groups non-financial issues into three pillars. Environmental covers emissions, energy, water, waste and climate risk. Social covers workers, supply chains, communities and customers. Governance covers the board, promoters, related-party deals, pay and controls. ESG is an investor's lens: it asks how these issues affect a company's value and risk. In India, ESG disclosure is shaped by SEBI's BRSR rules, and ESG ratings can only be issued by SEBI-registered providers.

    Related terms

    MaterialitySustainabilityCSR (corporate social responsibility)BRSR (Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report)ESG score

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    From the research

    Valuation

    A Comparative Financial Analysis of Three Listed Companies

    Three IT services leaders, five years of numbers: similar growth, very different margins and returns on capital, and their October 2026 valuations.

    Markets

    IPO Issue Price vs. Listing Price vs. Subsequent Performance

    Seven of India's most talked-about IPOs since 2021, tracked from issue price to listing to October 2026. Buying on listing day lost money in six of seven.

    Valuation

    Paytm: Valuing a Company With No Clean Comparable

    Paytm is part payments processor, part device business, part loan distributor. Why no single peer fits, and how to value it in parts and in reverse.